Mode of Action Search Tool
With the outlook for new MOA bleak, we need to look after the herbicides we have.
CropLife Australia has classified Australian herbicides into MOA groups:
- Group A
- Group B
- Group C
- Group D
- Group F
- Group G
- Group H
- Group I
- Group J
- Group K
- Group L
- Group M
- Group N
- Group O
- Group Q
- Group R
- Group Z
Group A#: Inhibitors of fat synthesis/AACase Inhibitors
Chemical Family
- Aryloxyphenoxypropionates (FOPs) e.g. diclofop
- Cyclohexanediones (DIMs) e.g. clethodim
- Phenylpyrazoles (DENs) e.g. pinoxaden
Mode of Action
- Inhibit the production of acetyl co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) enzyme, which prevents the biosynthesis of fatty acids
- Further formation of cell membranes in the growing points is prevented, leading to death
Symptoms
- Slow to appear (7-14 days)
- Initial symptoms appear in young leaves which turn pale or yellow and are easily pulled from the plant
- Anthocyanin discoloration (reddish-blue pigmentation) may occur on stems and leaves
Resistance Mechanism
- Both target site and non-target site
- Resistance is due to an altered ACCase binding site or enhanced metabolism of the herbicide
-
- Grass Weeds
- Annual ryegrass
- Annual veld grass
- Barley grass
- Brome grass
- Crabgrass
- Crowsfoot grass
- Lesser Canary grass
- Paradoxa grass
- Wild oat
-
Annual Ryegrass -
Brome Grass -
Wild Oats
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
# Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
* Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Legume based pasture only
Group B#: ALS Inhibitors
Chemical Family
- Imidazolinones (IMI’s) e.g. imazethapyr
- Pyrimidinylthiobenzonates
- Sulfonureas (SU’s) e.g. chlorsulfuron
- Triazolopyrimidines (sulfonamides) e.g. flumetsulam
Mode of Action
- Inhibit the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme
- Inhibition leads to the depletion of key branch-chained amino acids necessary for protein synthesis and plant growth
Symptoms
- Arrested growth within a few days following application with chlorotic patches appearing on the growing points of the plant followed by slow shoot necrosis
- Plant death is relatively slow
Resistance Mechanism
- Involves both target and non-target site
- The binding site on the ALS enzyme is altered so the ALS herbicide can’t bind to the protein
- Enhanced metabolism of the herbicide
-
- Grass Weeds
- Annual ryegrass
- Barley grass
- Brome grass
- Crabgrass
- Lesser Canary grass
- Paradoxa grass
- Wild oat
- Broadleaf Weeds
- African turnip weed
- Arrowhead
- Bedstraw
- Black bindweed
- Calomba daisy
- Charlock
- Common sowthistle
- Dirty Dora
- Flax-leaf fleabane
- Ice plant
- Indian hedge mustard
- Lincoln weed / Sand rocket
- Paterson’s curse
- Prickly lettuce
- Starfruit
- Turnip weed
- Wild radish
- Wild turnip
-
Annual Ryegrass -
Prickly Lettuce -
Wild Radish
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
# Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
* Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Pre-mix herbicide of 2 different MOA herbicides, one of which is a Group B
2 Clearfield varieties only
3 Chickpeas, lentils and field peas only
4 Lupins only
5 Chickpeas, faba beans, field peas, mung beans and soybeans only
6 Legume-based pastures only
7 Turf only
8 Sugarcane only
9 Sugarcane, corn, maize, turf, cotton and pasture only
10 Cotton only
11 Tomatoes only
12 Clover based pasture only
13 Lucerne and sub clover only
14 Chickpeas only
15 Lupins and field peas only
Group C#: PS II Inhibitors
Chemical Family
- Amides
- Benzothiadiazinones
- Nitriles (e.g. bromoxynil)
- Phenylcarbamates
- Pyridazinones
- Triazines (e.g. atrazine)
- Triazinones (e.g. metribuzin)
- Uracils
- Ureas (e.g. diuron)
Mode of Action
- As photosystem II inhibitors, they interfere with one of the processes of photosynthesis by which plants fix energy from sunlight
Symptoms
- Chlorosis or yellowing progressing to wilting and necrosis and finally plant death
- Symptoms from post-emergent application develop most rapidly in full sunlight
- Weeds that emerge from treated soil become chlorotic and desiccate within two to five days in sunlight
Resistance Mechanism
- Both target and non-target site
- A mutation occurs in the gene leading to an alteration at the site where the protein binding occurs
- Enhanced metabolism of the herbicide
-
- Grass Weeds
- Annual ryegrass
- Barnyard grass
- Liverseed grass
- Silver grass
- Broadleaf Weeds
- Indian hedge mustard
- Stinging nettle
- Wild radish
-
Annual Ryegrass -
Wild Radish -
Indian Hedge Mustard
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
# Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
* Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Pre-mix herbicide of 2 different MOA herbicides, one of which is a Group C
2 SA only
3 Not legume seed crops
4 Lucerne and sub clover only
5 Sub clover, established lucerne and perennial grass pastures only
6 Chickpeas only
7 Chickpeas, field peas, lentils, lupins, soy beans and faba beans only
8 TT canola, chickpeas, faba beans and lupins only
9 TT canola, chickpeas, faba beans, field peas and lupins only
10 Sugarcane only
11 Potatoes, carrots and parsnips only
12 Green beans, navy beans, peanuts, red kidney beans, Mexican red beans and soybeans only
13 Beet and silverbeet only
14 Cotton only
15 Cotton, carrot, potatoes, celery only
16 Citrus, pineapples and asparagus only
17 Apples, peaches, lucerne and peppermint only
18 Onions only
19 Bent grass turf only
20 Legume-based pastures
21 Chickpeas only
22 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
Group D#: Inhibitors of microtubule assembly
Chemical Family
- Dinitroanilines (e.g. trifluralin)
- Benzoic acid
- Benzamides (e.g. propyzamide)
- Pyridines
Mode of Action
- Inhibit microtubulin synthesis (cell division) necessary in the formation of cell walls, which stops normal root growth
Symptoms
- Dehydration of the plant as the normal function and size of the root system has been severely restricted
- The weeds which emerge have stubby and pruned roots and the leaves turn purple
- Grasses may have short and swollen coleoptiles while broadleaf weeds may have swollen hypocotyls
Resistance Mechanism
- Non-target site
- Thought to be associated with the hyperstabilization of microtubules rendering them immune to dinitroaniline inhibition
-
- Grass Weeds
- Annual ryegrass
- Winter grass
- Broadleaf Weeds
- Dense-flowered fumitory
-
Annual Ryegrass -
Common Fumitory
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
# Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
* Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Couch, buffalo grass, lucerne, clover and medics only
2 Canola only
3 Turf, lawn, ornamentals and Christmas Tree plantations only
4 Turf only
5 Fruit & nut orchards, vineyards, nursery stock and ornamentals
6 Lupins, lentils and field peas only
7 Clover-based pastures only
8 Clover or lucerne-based pastures only
Group F#: Bleachers – PDS Inhibitors
Chemical Family
- Pyridazinones
- Pyridinecarboxamide (e.g. diflufenican)
Mode of Action
- Inhibit phytoene dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of carotenoid biosynthesis
- Carotenoids perform several functions in plants, including the absorption of light for photosynthesis and protecting the plant from phyto-oxidation
- Without carotenoids, there is a build-up of light energy, which in small plants leads to death
Symptoms
- Within 3-4 days of application, extensive bleaching on newer leaves and the growing point
- Occur most rapidly under warm, high light intensity conditions
Resistance Mechanism
- Is yet to be confirmed in Australia however target site resistance has been identified in the US in Hydrilla spp.
-
- Broadleaf weeds
- Indian hedge mustard
- Wild radish
-
Indian Hedge Mustard -
Wild Radish
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
# Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
* Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Pre-mix herbicide of 2 different MOA herbicides, one of which is a Group F
2 Clover and lucerne-based pastures only
3 Clover-based pastures only
4 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
5 Chickpeas only
6 Lupins only
Group G#: PPO Inhibitors
Chemical Family
- Diphenylethers (e.g. oxyfluorfen)
- N-phenylphthalimides (e.g. flumioxazin)
- Oxadiazoles
- Phenylpyrazole (e.g. pyraflufen)
- Pyrimidindiones (e.g. butafenacil)
- Triazolinones (e.g. carfentrazone)
Mode of Action
- Inhibit the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) enzyme which disrupts photosynthesis and results in the formation of free radicals which cause membrane disruption and plant death
Symptoms
- Firstly, numerous white spots appear on the leaves from the spray droplets
- Contacted foliage turns bronze and then chlorosis and necrosis quickly follows
- Foliar uptake and plant desiccation takes between one to four day
Resistance Mechanism
- Target site
- Amino acid deletion occurs in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) gene
-
No resistance identified yet in Australia, however resistance has been confirmed globally.
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
# Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
* Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Pre-seeding only
2 Pre-mix herbicide of 2 different MOA herbicides, one of which is a Group G
3 Lucerne and sub clover only
4 Chickpeas only
5 Clover-based pastures only
6 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
7 Lupins only
Group H#: Bleachers: HPPD Inhibitors
Chemical Family
- Isoxazoles (e.g. isoxaflutole)
- Pyrazoles (e.g. pyrasulfotole)
- Triketone (e.g. bicyclopyrone)
Mode of Action
- Inhibits the production of enzyme 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), which stops quinone biosynthesis
- Quinone is required for the synthesis of carotenoid pigment
- Carotenoids are important photosynthetic pigments with many different functions in plant cells including protection from sunlight
- Without carotenoids, chlorophyll is photo-oxidised and the weed dies
Symptoms
- Include a bleached or white appearance because of the breakdown of chlorophyll in the plant by sunlight
Resistance Mechanism
- Thought to be target site
- Enhanced metabolism stops the herbicide reaching the target site intact
-
No resistance identified yet in Australia, however resistance has been confirmed globally
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Pre-mix herbicide of 2 different MOA herbicides, one of which is a Group H
2 Chickpeas only
3 Clover-based pastures only
4 Lucerne and sub clover only
5 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
6 Lupins only
Group I#: Disrupters of plant cell growth
Chemical Family
- Arylpicolinate
- Benzoic acids (e.g. dicamba)
- Phenoxycarboxylic acids (e.g. Phenoxys such as 2,4-D)
- Pyridine carboxylic acids (e.g. Pyridines such as clopyralid)
- Quinoline carboxylic acids
Mode of Action
- Affects cell wall plasticity and nucleic acid metabolism, leading to uncontrolled cell division and growth, which causes vascular tissue destruction
- Similar to auxin (IAA), a naturally occurring plant hormone
Symptoms
- Stem twisting and/or leaf malformations can be seen within days of treatment followed by chlorosis of the growing point
- Weed death is slow
Resistance Mechanism
- Currently under investigation
-
- Broadleaf Weeds
- Capeweed
- Common sowthistle
- Indian hedge mustard
- Wild radish
-
Hedge Mustard -
Wild Radish
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Pre-mix herbicide of two different MOA herbicides, one of which is a Group I
2 Grass-based pastures only
3 Canola only
4 Field peas only
5 Sugarcane only
6 Turf only
7 Lucerne and sub clover only
8 Clover-based pastures only
9 Chickpeas only
10 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
11 Lupins only
Group J#: Lipid synthesis inhibitors (Not ACCase inhibitors)
Chemical Family
- Benzofurans
- Chlorocarbonic acids
- Phosphorodithioates
- Thiocarbamates (e.g. triallate)
Mode of Action
- Inhibit cell elongation and cell division before emergence of the leaf from the coleoptile, thereby suppressing further development
Symptoms
- If the plant emerges; the shoot is bright green in colour with leaves appearing crinkled or rounded
- Plant is often not competitive
Resistance Mechanismv
- Not yet identified, although non-target site is suspected
- It is suggested plants increase the synthesis of gibberellic acid resulting in more rapid plant growth, enabling the plant to grow through the herbicide layer in the soil
-
- Grass Weeds
- Annual ryegrass
- Giant Paramatta grass
- Serrated tussock
-
Serrated Tussock
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Pre-mix herbicide of two different MOA herbicides, one of which is a Group J
2 Ryegrass pastures only
3 Beans, potatoes, maize, sweetcorn, dryland safflower, dryland oil seed rape, sunflower, beans, lucerne, duboisia and lotus only
4 Beet crops, onions, poppies, marigolds, potatoes and established turf only
5 Chickpeas, field peas, lentils and lupins only
Group K#: VLCFA Inhibitors
Chemical Family
- Acetamides
- Chloroacetamides (e.g. metolachlor)
- Isoxazoline (e.g. pyroxasulfone)
Mode of Action
- Inhibits cell growth and division by interfering with the formation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA)
Symptoms
- Affects weeds prior to emergence but does not inhibit seed germination
Resistance Mechanism
- Target site and non-target site
- Target site due to and altered VLCFA synthase binding site
- Enhanced metabolism
- Continuing investigation
-
Resistance has been confirmed in 12 weed species globally.
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
@Source: Busi, R (2014) Resistance to herbicides inhibiting the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids, wileyonlinelibrary.com
1 Pre-mix herbicide of 2 different MOA herbicides, one of which is a Group K
2 Field peas, lupins, chickpeas only
3 Tomatoes, almonds, grapevines and stone fruit only
4 Maize, sweet corn, sorghum, soybean and transplanted cabbage and cauliflower only
5 Clover-based pastures only
6 Lucerne and sub clover only
7 Chickpeas only
8 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
9 Lupins only
Group L#: PSI Inhibitors
Chemical Family
- Bipyridyls (e.g. diquat)
Mode of Action
- Inhibit photosynthesis at photosystem I via electron diversion
- Creates free radicals which destroys the plant’s cell membranes
Symptoms
- Destruction of cell membranes leads to wilting and desiccation
- In bright, sunny conditions occurs within a few days
- In dull, cool and cloudy conditions occurs within 5-14 days
Resistance Mechanism
- Under investigation
-
- Grass Weeds
- Annual ryegrass
- Crowsfoot grass
- Silvergrass
- Broadleaf Weeds
- Blackberry nightshade
- Capeweed
- Flax-leaf fleabane
- Pennsylvania cudweed
- Small square weed
-
Annual Ryegrass -
Barley Grass -
Capeweed
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
@Source: Busi, R (2014) Resistance to herbicides inhibiting the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids, wileyonlinelibrary.com
1 Pre-sowing weed control only
2 Pre-harvest weed control only
3 For pasture renovation after heavy grazing only
4 Established lucerne only
5 Clover-based pastures only
6 Lucerne and sub clover only
7 Chickpeas only
8 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
9 Lupins only
Group M#: Inhibitors of EPSP synthase
Chemical Family
- Glycines (e.g. glyphosate)
Mode of Action
- Inhibit the chloroplast enzyme 5 enolpyruvyl shikimate-3 phosphate (EPSP) synthase
- Depletes key amino acids necessary for protein synthesis and plant growth
Symptoms
- Chlorosis in the youngest parts of the plant, followed by reddening of the leaf margins
- May take weeks to fully develop, depending on conditions
Resistance Mechanism
- Both target and non-target site
- Target site caused by EPSP synthase gene modification and amplification
- Non-target site caused by reduced translocation and possibly glyphosate metabolism
-
- Grass Weeds
- Annual ryegrass
- Awnless barnyard grass
- Barley Grass
- Brome grass
- Feathertop Rhodes grass
- Liverseed grass
- Sweet summer grass
- Windmill grass
- Broadleaf Weeds
- Common sowthistle
- Flax-leaf fleabane
- Prickly lettuce
- Tall fleabane
- Tridax daisy
- Wild radish
-
Annual Ryegrass -
Flaxleaf Fleabane -
Windmill Grass
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Pre-sowing weed control only
2 RR canola only
3 Clover-based pastures only
4 Lucerne and sub clover only
5 Chickpeas only
6 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
7 Lupins only
Group N#: Inhibitors of glutamine synthase
Chemical Family
- Phosphinic acids (e.g. glufosinate)
Mode of Action
- Inhibit glutamine synthase, a key enzyme in incorporating ammonium into amino acids
- Blocking this enzyme allows a build-up of phytotoxic levels of ammonia, which leads to plant death
Symptoms
- Often initial general yellowing which enlarges as the plant wilts and collapses
- Can be seen in 1-3 days of application in warm conditions
- Can be seen in 7-10 days under cold conditions
- Plant death follows in 1-3 weeks
Resistance Mechanism
- Is currently under investigation
-
No resistance confirmed in Australia, however resistance has been confirmed globally.
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Liberty Link canola varieties only
2 Clover-based pastures only
3 Lucerne and sub clover only
4 Chickpeas only
5 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
6 Lupins only
Group O#: Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
Chemical Family
- Alkylazine
- Benzamides (e.g. isoxaben)
- Nitriles
Mode of Action
- Inhibits crystalline cellulose deposition in the cell wall, which affects cell wall formation, elongation and division of the cells within the roots
Symptoms
- When germinating seedling roots hit the herbicide barrier, growth is terminated by inhibiting the development of cells within the roots
- Therefore, seedlings rarely emerge to exhibit symptoms
Resistance Mechanism
- Is currently under investigation
-
There are currently no confirmed Group O resistant weeds in Australia.
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Turf only
2 Pyrethrum, fruit & nut orchards, vineyards and trees only
3 Orchards, vineyards, blackcurrants, raspberries and gooseberries only
4 Lucerne and sub clover only
5 Clover-based pastures only
6 Chickpeas only
7 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
8 Lupins only
Group Q#: Bleachers – inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis unknown target
Chemical Family
- Isoxazolidinones
- Triazoles (e.g. amitrole)
Mode of Action
- Inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis
- Carotenoids perform several functions in plants, including the absorption of light for photosynthesis and protecting the plant from phyto-oxidation
- Without carotenoids, there is a build-up of light energy which in small plants leads to death
Symptoms
- Within 3-4 days of application, extensive bleaching on newer leaves and the growing point
- Occur most rapidly under warm, high light intensity conditions
Resistance Mechanism
- Is currently under investigation
-
- Grass Weeds
- Annual Ryegrass
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Pre-planting only
2 Pre-mix herbicide of 2 different MOA herbicides, one of which is a Group Q
3 Pre-planting of canola, lupins and field peas only
4 Pre-planting of canola, lupins, faba beans and field peas only
5 Pre-planting sub-clover and medic pastures only
6 Pre-planting sub-clover, lucerne and medic pastures only
7 Cucurbits, navy beans, green beans, potatoes and poppies only
8 Clover-based pastures only
9 Lucerne and sub clover only
10 Chickpeas only
11 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
12 Lupins only
Group R#: DHP Inhibitors
Chemical Family
- Carbamates (e.g. asulam)
Mode of Action
- Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
-
There are currently no confirmed Group R resistant weeds in Australia.
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
#Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
*Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Chewings fescue, cocksfoot, perennial ryegrass, red clover, tall fescue and white clover only
2 Apples, hops, established lucerne, onions, poppies, potatoes
3 Clover-based pastures only
4 Lucerne and sub clover only
5 Clover-based pastures only
6 Chickpeas only
7 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
8 Lupins only
Group Z#: Herbicides with unknown and probably diverse sites of action
Chemical Family
- Arylaminopropionic acids (e.g. flamprop)
- Dicarboxylic acids
- Phenylpyrazoles (DENs) e.g. pinoxaden
Mode of Action
- Herbicides within this group have an unknown mode of action
-
- Grass Weeds
- Wild Oats
- Wild grass
Note:
Any product referred to must be used strictly in accordance with all instructions on the product’s label and in other applicable reference material.
# Source: CropLife (2018) Herbicide Mode of Action Table – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
* Source: CropLife (2018) List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia – Valid as at 22 June 2018, www.croplife.org
1 Cotton, sugar cane, turf couch and turf couch hybrids only
2 Blue couch, common couch, bent, buffalo and brown top lawns only
3 Clover-based pastures only
4 Lucerne and sub clover only
5 Chickpeas only
6 Lupins, field peas and lentils only
7 Lupins only
Note:
1Newman, P & Busi, R (2015) Three reasons why mix and rotate herbicides is better than just rotate. AHRI